一、cnas实验室认证流程是什么

1、建立质量管理体系

按照CNAS-CL01及相关领域要求、认可准则要求等，建立起符合自己实验室现状的管理体系。体系不光要涵盖实验室自身，还要包括为其提供支持功能的部门，包括档案、后勤等。

2、绘制实验室组织结构图

结构图要包括实验室及其母体组织关系（如适用），与外部关系（上级主管部门），以及为其提供支持服务的部门之间的关系。

3、编写体系文件

编写质量手册、程序文件，要能够涵盖CNAS-CL01及相关领域要求、认可准则要求的全部要素。编制记录表格，填写记录表格。

4、网上申请

实验室体系有效运行6个月之后，可在CNAS**上，填写实验室认可申请，按照要求上传附件，确认无误后提交。提交之后CNAS评审组会对材料进行文件审查。这个过程中会指出不合理或者有疑惑的地方，需要进行补正。

5、现场评审

文件审查过了之后，CNAS会安排评审组长和评审员，对实验室进行现场评审。一般一位老师审文件，两位老师审技术（大型实验室可能会增加人数）。实验室要提前将资料准备好，包括方法证实记录、试剂*品采购验收记录、内审管审记录等。

6、末次会议

末次会议上老师会和实验室进行交流，对有关问题进行质证，开不符合项，并将结果告知（过或者没过）。不符合项限期整改，整改报告提交并且通过之后，所有工作就算全部结束了，等着拿证书即可。

cnas实验室的认证条件：

1、具有明确的法律地位，即实验室或所在母体应是一个能够独立承担法律责任的实体，第一方、第二方、第三方实验室均可；

2、按认可准则及其应用说明建立质量管理体系，且各要素（过程）都已运行并有相应记录，包括完整的内部审核和管理评审；

3、管理体系运行至少六个月；

4、具有申请认可范围内的检测/校准能力，每个检测/校准领域，至少参加过一次 CNAS或其承认的能力验证活动；

5、具有支配所需资源的权力；

6、遵守 CNAS认可规则、认可政策等有关规定，包括支付认可费用，履行相关义务。

二、新材料怎么翻译成英文

问题一：（新材料产业功能区）翻译成英语？ New material Industry Functional Areas

问题二：新材料技术的英文怎么说翻译结果

新材料技术的英文怎么说

New materials technology English how to say

问题三：我在文章中增加了一点新材料英语怎么说我在文章中增加了一点新材料

I added a **t of new material in the article.

我在文章中增加了一点新材料

I added a **t of new material in the article.

问题四：新材料科技简称新科怎么翻译英语新材料科技 new material technology

新科 New-tech

问题五："实验一种新材料"用英语怎么说,用五个单词英文原文：

experiment on a new material

英式音标：

[?k?sper?m(?)nt; ek-] [?n] [?; e?] [nju?] [m??t??r??l]

美式音标：

[?kˈsper?m?nt] [n] [e] [nu] [m??t?r??l]

问题六：汽车新材料用英语怎么说汽车新材料_有道翻译

翻译结果：

Automo**le new material

material_有道词典

material

英 [m?'t??r??l]

美 [m?'t?r??l]

n.材料，原料；物资；布料

adj.重要的；物质的，实质性的；肉体的

更多释义>>

[网络短语]

Material材料,材质,物料

Superhard material超硬材料,超硬材料,高硬度材料

material management物料管理,材料管理,物资管理

问题七：英文翻译，材料如下企业家中心（The Center for Entrepreneurship）是国家科学基金委员会（National Science Foundation-funded Innovation Corps Program）创新项目下属的2个分支中的一个。这个项目的目的是：使研究团队通过开设实验室外的用户探索课程（out-of-the-lab customer discovery course）来推进对世界各地研究的翻译。每年由CFE负责区域性，联邦性及基于工业的创新项目，并全程指导UM人员和研究者们。

I-Corp：Innovation Corps

CFE：Certified Fraud Examiner

你没有给上下文。很多缩写我只能猜。这是我在美国National science foundation里查的。共参考。以后这种翻译要注意标签。百度能够有3个标签。。其中一个给英文标签，推荐另两个选择电气电子等理工科标签。这世界上理工科的学生是牛逼的。因为技术文档全是英语，即使是英语专业的，没有专业背景也白搭。正因为文科生们不会翻译，理工科生们不屑于翻译，所以大多数技术文档全是英语的。

问题八：这是用什么材料做成的用英文怎么说 This is with what material made of

三、求一篇有关网络虚拟实验室的中英文文献***要中英

论文中英对照，可能有错误，但应该不会很多。

随着计算机、网络技术的不断发展，网络虚拟实验室得到越来越多的应用。 With the computer, the continuous development of network technology, network virtual laboratory to be more and more applications.介绍了虚拟实验室的基本特点及其体系结构，实现虚拟实验室的四种关键技术： Java、ActiveX、VRML、ASP，后探讨了虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题。 Introduced the basic characteristics of virtual laboratory and its architecture, the realization of virtual laboratory four key technologies: Java, ActiveX, VRML, ASP, the last of the development process of virtual laboratory should pay attention to several problems.关键词虚拟实验室远程教育现代教育技术迅速崛起的现代教育技术把虚拟实验引入到了实验教学中。 Key words virtual laboratory of modern educational technology distance education the rapid rise of the modern educational technology into the virtual experiment experimental teaching.虚拟实验的应用改变了传统的教育模式，使得教与学方式发生了革命性的变化。 Application of virtual experiment to change the traditional mode of education and teaching and learning approach makes revolutionary change took place.目前，用于实验教学的计算机虚拟实验软件非常丰富，加上高校计算机及网络资源，为虚拟实验的开设提供了必要的基础条件。 At present, for the experimental teaching of computer software, rich virtual experiment, together with the Universities computer and network resources for the creation of virtual experiments to provide the necessary basic conditions.通过网络虚拟实验室，能够通过计算机在网络中模拟一些实验现象，它不仅仅能够提高实验教学效果，更加重要的是对一些缺乏实验条件的学生，通过网络同样能够身临其境地观察实验现象，甚至和异地的学生合作进行实验。 Through the network of virtual labs, through computer simulation in the network a number of experimental phenomena, it is not only to improve the effectiveness of experimental teaching, and more importantly, the lack of experimental conditions on some of the students, through the network to feel the same experimental phenomena observed, students in different places and even co-operation and carry out such experiments. 1网络虚拟实验室的发展及其特点网络虚拟实验就是在WEB中创建出一个可视化的环境，其中每一个可视化的物体代表一种实验对象。 1 of the development of virtual laboratory network and the characteristics of the network is in the WEB virtual experiment to create a visual environment, a visualization of each of these objects on behalf of an experimental object.通过鼠标的点击以及拖曳*作，用户可以进行虚拟的实验。 Through mouse clicks and drag and drop operation, users can conduct virtual experiments.网络虚拟实验实现的基础是多媒体计算机技术与网络技术的结合。 Network virtual experiment is based on the realization of multi-media computer technology and network technology.无论是学生还是教师，都可以自由地、无顾虑地随时进入虚拟实验室*作仪器，进行各种实验。 Whether students or teachers, are free and without hesitation to operate at any time to enter the virtual laboratory apparatus, to carry out various experiments.为实验类课程的教学改革及远程教育提供了条件和技术支持。 Experimental curriculum reform and teaching conditions for the provision of distance education and technical support.许多国内外从事实验室工作的研究者们在实践中还提出这样一些概念：Digital Lab、MBL（Micro-computer Based Lab），尽管这些名词不统一，但他们的实践从不同的层面实现了虚拟实验室。 Many at home and abroad to engage in laboratory work in practice, the researchers also proposed the concept of such: Digital Lab, MBL(Micro-computer Based Lab), although these terms are not uniform, but they practice at different levels from a virtual experiment Room. 1．1印地安那州立大学的MBL化学实验室该实验室在给新生开化学实验课时用计算机来辅助做这样一些事，用计算机采集与分析实验数据，用计算机展示实验，在网上发布相关的实验指导材料。 1.1 of the Indiana State University chemical laboratory of the MBL laboratory chemistry experiments to open new classes to help with the computer do something with computer acquisition and ****ysis of experimental data, using computer experiments show that in the relevant online Experimental guidance material. 1.2芝加哥伊利诺伊大学数字化有机化学实验室该实验室充分利用网络资源，在网上提供了一系列的实验教学指导：**实验教材；实验教学时间表；实验测评方法、形式、时间；虚拟实验；相关教学资源的链接等。 1.2 University of Illinois at Chicago, the number of the laboratory of organic chemistry lab full use of network resources, the Internet has provided a series of experimental teaching guide: online experimental materials; experimental teaching timetable; experimental evaluation of methods, forms, time; virtual experiments; related to teaching Links and other resources.他们还用计算机进行实验教学的教务管理。 They also experiment with computer teaching educational administration. 1.3卡罗莱纳州立大学的LAAP（Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics）他们利用Java技术建立了基于Web的探索式虚拟物理实验室，主要有以下几个模块：基于Java Applet的虚拟实验设备和实验设施；相关的实验课程模块；实验学习结果评价模块；协作学习模块。 1.3 Carolina State University LAAP(Learn Anytime Anywhere Physics) using Java technology to build Web-based virtual physics laboratory to explore, mainly in the following modules: Java Applet based virtual laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities; related An experimental course module; experimental study and the results of the evaluation module; collaborative learning module.虚拟实验室大的优点是成本低，效率高。 Virtual Laboratory **ggest advantage is low cost, high efficiency.因为“软件即为仪器”，这样就可解决因实验经费不足或高档次、高价位设备缺乏所不能开出的实物实验，同时也不会造成因使用不当，管理不善等因素造成的仪器损坏、元器件丢失等现象。 Because"software is the instrument," and this could be the lack of funds resulting from the experimental or high-grade, high-priced equipment can not be opened by the lack of physical experiments, but also will not lead to a result of improper use caused by such factors as poor management of equipment damage, missing components and so on.同时虚拟实验还可以模拟实验室中没有的设备，而且还可以不受时空的限制方便地进行实验。 At the same time, virtual experiments can not simulate the laboratory equipment, but also can be exempted from the restrictions of time and space to easily carry out such experiments.另外，虚拟实验室还应具备一些基本特征：与现实的一致性（或现实的延伸）、高度交互性、实时的信息反馈。 In addition, the virtual laboratory should also have some basic features: the coherence and reality(or an extension of reality), highly interactive, real-time feedback. 2网络虚拟实验室体系结构网络虚拟实验室应是一个集虚拟实验教学管理系统、实验课教学指导系统，网络实验仿真等为一体的功能强大的网上运行系统。 2 Network architecture of Virtual Laboratory Virtual Laboratory should be a set of virtual experiment management system for teaching, laboratory teaching guidance systems, network simulation and so on into a powerful operating system online.各部分之间相互联系相互补充，仅具有相对独立性。 Interlinkages between the various parts of each other, only with relative independence.开发虚拟环境，实现实验仿真应是虚拟实验室建设的核心部分。 The development of a virtual environment, the realization of experimental simulation is a virtual laboratory should be the core of the building.图1是虚拟实验室体系结构图。 Figure 1 is a virtual laboratory system structure. 3构建网络虚拟实验室的关键技术目前国内的虚拟实验室研究还处于萌芽阶段，国外已经有很多大学进行了这方面的研究。 3 build a network of key technology of virtual laboratory virtual current laboratory research is still in its infancy, many universities abroad have carried out studies in this area.总结他们所使用的技术，可以看出大多可以划分下面几类： 3.1 Java技术Java是一个广泛使用的网络编程语言，它是一种新的计算概念。 Summing up their use of technology, we can see that the majority can be divided into the following categories: 3.1 Java technology is a widely used Java web programming language, it is a new computing concept.首先，作为一种程序设计语言，它简单、不依赖于机器的结构、具有可移植性、安全性、并且提供了并发的机制、具有很高的性能。 First of all, as a programming language, it is simple, is not dependent on the structure of the machine with porta**lity, security, and provides a mechani** for concurrency, high performance.其次，它大限度地利用了网络，Java的小应用程序（applet）可在网络上运行而不受CPU和环境的限制。 Secondly, to maximize the use of its network, Java applets for(applet) can be run on the network without restrictions on CPU and the environment.另外，Java还提供了丰富的类库，使程序设计者可以很方便地建立自己的系统，这一点对于构建网上虚拟实验室系统来说也是非常关键的。 In addition, Java also provides a rich class library, so that process designers can easily build their own systems, this point for building a virtual laboratory system is also very crucial. 3.2 ActiveX控件ActiveX技术允许不同软件开发的组件在网络上可以互相进行*作。 3.2 ActiveX Controls ActiveX technology allows different software components on the network can operate with each other. Ac?鄄tiveX使用了微软的组件对象技术使得本地的组件可以和网络上的组件进行通信，使用ActiveX开发的另一个好处在于它的代码复用性，也就是说在虚拟实验室的开发过程中，一个实验仪器可以在多个实验环境中重复使用，这一点对于持续开发过程尤为重要。 Ac? Juan tiveX use of Microsoft's Component Object technology enables local and network components can be components of the communication, the development of the use of ActiveX Another advantage is that it is code reuse, that is to say in a virtual laboratory development process, an experimental device which can be the environment in a number of experiments re-use, this is particularly important in the process of sustainable development.这种技术使得一个大的工程项目可以划分成小块的组件，也就相当于把复杂工程简单为一个个组成部分，完成了每个组成部分之后集成起来就可以得到终的项目。 This technology enables a large project can be divided into **all components, it is equivalent to the complexity of the project as a simple component, was completed after each component can be integrated into the final project.可以开发ActiveX组件的环境有很多，其中开发效率高和易上手的是Visual Ba?鄄sic。 ActiveX components can be developed a lot of environment in which to develop the most efficient and most易上手is Visual Ba? Juan sic. 3.3 VRML技术VRML是虚拟实境描述模型语言(Virtual Reality Modeling Language)的简称。 3.3 VRML technology is VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) the short title.它是描述虚拟环境中场景的一种标准，也是在网上实现虚拟现实的关键性技术。 It is described in a virtual environment of a standard scene, but also the Internet to achieve the key technologies of virtual reality. VRML的基本特征包括分布式、交互式、平台无关、三维、多媒体集成、逼真自然等，被成为“第二代WEB”，已经被越来越多的人们所重视。 The basic feature of VRML, including distributed, interactive, platform-independent, three-dimensional, multi-media integration, life-like nature, was a"second-generation WEB", has been more and more people paying attention to.国际标准化组织1998年1月正式将其批准为国际标准。 International Organization for Standardization in January 1998 officially approved as international standards. VRML是一种建模语言，其基本目标是建立Internet上的交互式三维多媒体，也就是说，它是用来描述三维物体及其行为的，可以构建虚拟境界。 VRML is a modeling language, its basic goal is to establish a three-dimensional Internet, interactive multimedia, in other words, it is used to describe the three-dimensional objects and their behavior, you can build a virtual realm.用VRML实现与Internet虚拟现实交互有下面几个好处：丰富了媒体表现形式、协同工作角色的可视化管理、改善了协同环境的用户界面、增强了协同环境的交互性。 With the Internet using VRML interactive virtual reality has the following advantages: rich media manifestations, the role of the visual work of management, to improve the collaborative environment of the user interface, enhanced interactive collaborative environment.可见，将VRML融合到网上虚拟实验室的开发过程中，既可以增强表现力和用户的接受力，又可以实现较好的协同工作虚拟化环境。 Can be seen that the VRML into the development of online virtual laboratory process, can enhance performance and user acceptance, but also work together to achieve a better virtual environment. 3.4 ASP技术ASP（Active Server Pages，动态服务器端网页），内含在Internet Information Server 3.0及其以上版本中，提供一个服务器端的脚本环境，用于产生和执行动态、高效率的网络服务器应用程序。 3.4 ASP technology ASP(Active Server Pages, Dynamic server-side page), including in the Internet Information Server 3.0 and above versions, to provide a server-side scripting environment for the generation and implementation of dynamic and efficient web server applications. ASP不只是动态的网页，它更是当今众多的Web应用程序实作方式之一，它负责整个Web应用程序的控制部分。 ASP pages not only dynamic, it is today a large number of Web applications is one of the ways to make, which is responsible for the entire Web application control part. ASP提供五个内建的对象供使用者调用，即Re?鄄quest对象（取得用户信息）、Response对象（传送信息给用户）、Server对象（提供访问服务器的方法、属性）、Application对象（用于多个使用者在多个网页间共享信息）和Session对象（用于单个使用者在多个网页间共享信息）。 ASP provides a total of five built-in objects for users to call, that is, Re? Juan quest object(to obtain user information), Response object(to send information to the user), Server object(the server to provide access methods, properties), Application object(with in a variety of users to share information between multiple pages) and the Session object(for individual users to share information between multiple pages). 4网络虚拟实验室开发过程当中应注意的几个问题计算机软件技术发展到今天，为虚拟实验室开发提供了极大的方便。 4 virtual laboratory network development process should pay attention to several issues of the development of computer software technology to today, for the development of virtual laboratory provides great convenience.目前开发所需的系统软件或工具均支持面向对象的程序设计。 At present, the development of the necessary system software or tools to support object-oriented programming.它们都有**驱动的支持，消息循环的程序设计方法及多媒体*作技术。 They have the support of event-driven news cycle of programming and multimedia skills.在开发过程当中要注意以下几个问题：**触发时机的选择，实际*作当中某个按钮按下后并不立即反映，需要延时回应，外部接口的输入信号或其它信息往往是定时触发或随机触发的**，若为随机触发的**则可用一定时限内的随机数来取代固定时间。 In the development process should pay attention to the following questions: Event trigger timing, the actual operation of them after a button press does not immediately reflect the need to delay response to the external interface of the input signal or other information from time to time is often triggered or random trigger events, if the random trigger events are available for a certain period of time the random number to replace the fixed time.**联锁关系或动态顺序关系可以存放在一张数据库表中描述，修改方便。 Interlocking relationship between events or dynamic order can be stored in a database table is described, modify convenience.给定相应的条件、控制范围，自动形成数据表，使数据和程序独立。 Given the appropriate conditions, control, data tables automatically, so that an independent data and programs.模拟声音，要使实验达到逼真，除了模拟控制台实物景象，还要模拟它们实验环境中的各种声音，如汽笛声、按钮按动声、内部机械动作声等。 Analog voice, to achieve the realistic experiment, in addition to the physical simulation of the console scene, but also simulation of their experimental sounds in the environment, such as the whistle sound, the sound button pressed, the internal mechanical action, such as sound.这样，才能使学生在实验室有身临其境的感觉，全身心地投入学习。 In this way can help students in the laboratory are immersive feeling, to fully participate in the study.模拟台面各种动作的结果，台面上每个控件的动作都会触发一定的**。 Simulation results of the table a variety of movements, control the movements of each table will trigger a certain event.这些**在实物设备中是靠机械、电子电路等去完成，而现在将这些机械及电子逻辑关系使用计算机软件实现。 These events in the physical devices by mechanical, electronic circuits, such as to complete, and now to the relationship between mechanical and electronic logic using computer software.故障发生器，在实际工作中除了设备正常情况下的*作，还有各种意外情况，如某些设备故障的情况。 Fault generator, in practical work in addition to equipment operation under normal circumstances, there are a variety of unforeseen circumstances, such as the failure of some equipment.此时，要求在虚拟系统中也能模拟手柄失灵、仪表信号不显示及自然灾害发生的情况等，即给实验增加一些难度，强化学生实际*作能力。 At this point, the request in a virtual simulation system can also handle failures, instrument signals and do not show the case of natural disasters and so on, that is, to increase the difficulty of the experiment, the actual operation to strengthen the capacity of students. 5结束语虚拟实验技术在实验教学中具有广阔的应用、发展前景，随着虚拟实验的普及，其优越性会被越来越多的人认识。 5 Conclusion virtual experiment in teaching experiments have broad applications, development prospects, with the popularity of virtual experiments, and its advantages will be more and more people are aware of.但要使虚拟实验技术真正得到推广应用，关键还是观念的改变，首先是教师观念的改变，除了具有创新精神和能力外，还应有一个科学的投资理念，在实验室建设和发展中，充分考虑投资效益，建设现代化的实验室。 But for the virtual experiment really promote the use of technology, the key is to change the concept, first of all, the concept of change in teachers, in addition to the spirit of innovation and capacity, there should be a scientific concept of investment, construction and development in the laboratory, the full consider the investment returns and building a modern laboratory.其次要培养一支高素质的实验队伍，不断地进行知识更新，加强学习，重视信息的收集、加工、应用，了解掌握新技术，促进实验教学发展。 Second, we must cultivate a high-quality experimental team, continually update their knowledge to enhance learning, importance of information collection, processing, application, understand the latest technology, and promote the development of experimental teaching.虚拟实验的应用和发展，加快了实验室发展和实验教学改革，促进了教育观念的改变。 Application of the virtual experiment and development, to accelerate the development and experimental laboratory teaching reform, the promotion of education to change attitudes.是培养创新人才的新的实验手段。 Is to train innovative talents of the new experimental tools.虚拟实验在21世纪实验教学中必将占有重要地位，无疑会起到很大的作用。 Virtual experiment experimental teaching in the 21st century will certainly occupy an important position, will undoubtedly play a significant role.